Aftermath of Watergate: 1970's
Three days after Director Kelley's appointment, top aides in the Nixon Administration resigned amid charges of White House efforts to obstruct justice in the Watergate case. Vice President Spiro T. Agnew resigned in October, following charges of tax evasion. Then, following impeachment hearings that were broadcast over television to the American public throughout 1974, President Nixon resigned on August 9, 1974. Vice President Gerald R. Ford was sworn in as President that same day. In granting an unconditional pardon to ex-President Nixon one month later, he vowed to heal the nation.
Director Kelley similarly sought to restore public trust in the FBI and in
law enforcement. He instituted numerous policy changes that targeted the training and selection of FBI and law enforcement leaders, the procedures of investigative intelligence collection, and the prioritizing of criminal programs. All of this was done while continuing
open investigations. One such case was the Patty
Hearst kidnapping investigation.
In 1974, Kelley instituted Career Review Boards and programs to identify and
train potential managers. For upper management of the entire law enforcement community, the FBI, in
cooperation with the International Association of
Chiefs of Police and the Major Cities Chief Administrators,
started the National Executive Institute, which provided
high-level executive training and encouraged future
operational cooperation.
Kelley also responded to scrutiny by Congress and the media on whether FBI methods of collecting intelligence in domestic security and counterintelligence investigations abridged
Constitutional rights.
The FBI had traditionally used its own criteria for intelligence collection,
based on executive orders and blanket authority granted by attorney generals. After congressional hearings, Attorney General Edward Levi established finely detailed guidelines for the first time. The guidelines for FBI foreign counterintelligence investigations went
into effect on March 10, 1976, and for domestic security
investigations on April 5, 1976 (The latter were
superseded March 21, 1983).
Kelley's most significant management innovation, however, was implementing
the concept of "Quality over Quantity" investigations.
He directed each field office to set priorities based
on the types of cases most important in its territory
and to concentrate resources on those priority matters.
Strengthening the "Quality over Quantity" concept,
the FBI as a whole established three national priorities:
foreign counterintelligence, organized crime, and
white-collar crime. To handle the last priority,
the Bureau intensified its recruitment of accountants.
It also stepped up its use of undercover operations
in major cases.
During Kelley's tenure as Director, the FBI made a strong effort to develop
an Agent force with more women and one that was more reflective of the ethnic composition of the United States. By the late 1970s nearly 8,000 Special Agents
and 11,000 Support Employees worked in 59 Field Offices and 13 Legal Attache offices.
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